U Budage bwarembye u Rwanda.
Abadage ntabibikorwabyinshi basize ino. Ku bireba ubucuruzi «guhera mu 1905, u Rwanda rwatangiye kugemura impu mu mahanga, ruba inzira iruhuza na Bukobamuri Tanganyi ka. N’abi korezi b’imizigo b’i Burundi bacaga i Kigali, Ibi.-curuzwa byinjiraga n’ibyasohokaga Usumbura ni ho byanyuraga. Abacu-ruzi b’Abanyamahanga ariko ntibari benshi. Mu 1916, mu Rwanda harihamaze kugera ibigo by’a bacuruzi bi tanu by’i Burayi. Muri byo twavugank’icyo mu Butariyani cyitwa Sociata ltaliana coloniale» na bibiribyo mu Bugereki «Papazoglakis» na «Angelopulos» byari ku Gise-nyi bikagira za «sikirisale» i Kigali. (/byo bivugwa na Sirven pl. XXX.na Lugan Xlll).
Hari n’amash ami 10 y’ibigo by’ubucuruzi by’ Abarabu n’abandi Ba-nyaziya. Nk’uwitwa Abdallah Kimji w’i Bukoba yakoresh aga Abahindibane n’Abaswahili 126.
Igicuruzwa Abadage bamamaje cyane ni imyenda. Babujije Abanya-Rwanda kon gera gu koma impuzu kugira ngo imyenda y’amerikani ikwiremuri ruban da. Imyenda ya Kotoni yo yambarwaga n’abatware n’abatunzibakomeye. lcyakora igihe cy’Intambara ya mbe re y’lsi basubiye kuri icyocyemezo kuko ibicuruzwa bitabon aga amayira bicamo, abakomyi b’impu-zu n’abakannyi baba basubiye ku mwuga wabo. (Leurquin, 102).
Ku ngoma ndage, amafaranga ntiyigeze akwizwa mu baturage kuburyo «muri Gashyan tare 1916, hasigaye amezi atatu ngo Ababirigi bafa-te u Rwanda, Umu kozi w’Umudage yaje gusoresha hafi ya misiyoniya Zaza agaheba amafaranga. Byaramushobeye apfa kwemera amagi,inkoko, amatungo magufi, ibishyimbo n’amafu y’imyumbati n’amasaka.»(Chronologie :51).
Amafaranga yacuzwemo imiringa.
Abadage basize batigishije Koroni zabo agaciro k’amafaranga. Nkomu 1922, i Burundi hinjijwe ibiceri by’amakuta abiri y’amabiriginyuma y’amezi make ubu tege tsi buyobe rwa aho by azimiriye kukobi ta koreshwaga mu bucuruzi. Hashize igihe Ababirigi bamenya koibyo biceri byari bihwanye na miliyoni ebyiri, Abarundi babishyizemu nganda bakabish on gesh a, bakabicuramo imiringa yo kwambi kaabagore babo (Leurquin : 18).
U Bubirigi bumaze kugabana u Rwandaibicuruzwa byaretse inzira yaBu koba biyoboka iya Usumbura na Bukavu. Muri ibyo bihe, abatwarebakomeje gusabwa abantu bikorera imizigo yo kujy an a muri izo mpugu.Abo bi korezi bagiraga akaga cyane kubera izo ngendo zo ku maguru za-maragaamezi kan di bagahembwa udufaranga twa nta two.
Umwana w’umwi korezi n k’a bo ngo yahuye n’umugabe kazi aramuba-za ati «ni ko muti? So aratwara?» Umwana ati «atwara imizigoy’Abazungu!» Umugabe kazi ajya kubaza umwami aho hantu hitwaImizigo y’Abazungu.
Ababirigi bamaze gushinga imizi bah aruza imihanda, amamodo kaabona uko akoreshwa muri ubwo bucuruzi bw’u Rwanda n’amahanga. Bi-tyo inkan da n’impuzu, igifebo, urush ingo, amavuta akuze, itabi rya giha-nga… bisimburwa n’imyen da, isabune, ibi bi riti, amamesa, amasege re tin’ibindi n’ibindi.
1ivol insdinene’y sbr Kuki imijyi itatejwe imbere.isteds’n erowisden spWiodmsyov inoiosyobnovmlovai Aba birigi nti bi geze bashaka guteza imijyi imbere. Abanyarwandabavaga mu giturage bakajya kuba mu mijyi babasoreshaga umusorouhwanye n’incuro eshatu z’usanzwe. Nk’umujyi wa Kigali, mu 1018wari utuwe n’abantu batarenze 700 barimo abakora mu bucuruzi (Aba.zungu bane, Abarabu n ka 60 n’Abaswahili nka 350). (Sirven XXX). Mu1945, uwo mubare wa 700 n tiwi kubye gatatu ni cyo cyatumye u Rwandarwigenga Kigali ituwe n’aban tu batarenze 5,000.
Abadage bo usanga ahari bari bafite intego yo kubaka imijyi kukobashinze in kambi z’a basiri kari ahantu hatanu mu gihe gito: Ruhen ge ri(1903), Gisenyi (1907), Kigali (1908), Gatsi bo (1913 na Shangugu (1914).
Uko kudakunda ko Abanyarwanda bava ku misozi bakajya mu mi-jyi, Abatege tsi b’Ababirigi baba barabi tewe n’abamisiy oneri kuberaumwanya bari bafite mu mite ge ke re y’igihugu. Abo banyamadini ban gagaimijyi kuko yabagamo Abay isiramu benshi. Batiny aga rero ko byabain tandaro ituma idini rya Isiramu rikwira mu Rwanda. Ikindi abamisiyo-neri barwany aga ni uko abantu bararurwa n’amaraha no kwiry oshya bi-ranga abanyamujyi. (Sirven XXIV, Lugan XXI).
Ari abaporotesitanti, ari abanyagaturika ari Abadiventi barwanyagabose abay isi ramu. Ingingo yabibate raga cy ane ni uko idini rya Isiramuritabuza kuzana abagore benshi, ubwo rikaba ryari rihuje n’umuco w’Aba-nyarwanda b’icyo gihe. Ikindi iryo dini ryogezwaga n’Abirabura, iyo ba-tababuza gucengera muri rubanda, baba barabonye abay obo ke benshink’ukobyagenze cy ane cyane muri Afuri ka yakoronijwe n’ Abafaran sa.
Uretse abamisiyoneri, Leta na yo yahaye Abay isi ramu akato ibatuzaukwabo, Ab’i Kigali bari bafite urusisiro rwabo mu Biryogo. Mu 1956,ní bwo Inama Nkuru y’lgihugu iyobowe n’umwami yafashe icyemezocyo gukuraho izo nsisiro kugira ngo Abayisi ramu bavan ge n’abandi Ba-nyarwanda.
Muri make rero, nk’uko Abamisiy oneri bazambije ubutege tsibarwana ku madini yabo, ni nako bafite uruhare rw’uko ingoma nzunguyarangiye u Rwan da rurimo utudugudu ubu twavuyemo imijyi ibereyeigihe tugezemo.
Imijyi yasimbujwe amasoko.
Ababirigi bashatse uburyo bwo gu komakoma abashaka kuza gucu-ruriza mu mijyi babareme ra amasoko bazagumamo bakahubaka amadu ka.Igitabo cya «Chron ol ogie> … kivuga ageze ku jcumi. Y ose ni aya nyumaya 1940. Ayo masoko yoroheje u buryo bwo guhahirana. Ufi te amafarangaakabona icyo ashaka bi tamuruhije.
Bafashije abasengerezi.
Kera amafaran ga ataraza, gusengera byari bigay i tse (iryo jambo rya-hozeho mu kiny a rwan da). Hasern ge raga umuntu w’umutin di utagiraibigega by’amasa ka ntagire n’urutoke, Uwo yasengeraga ikibindi akaki-jyana iwe, agatumira incuti ati «nasengereye!», nyuma akazakiriha imi-byizi.
Ubundi u dasen ge reye kuri ubwo buryo yany waga ku wamutumiyecyangwa akavumba. lbyo gutumi rana bi kurikiza rya jambo inuma y’iBurundi yatumye ku y’i Rwanda ngo «ha uguha!».
Kera hari uburyo bwo kumenya umutungo w’umuturanyi. Uretseiby’urutoke bigaragara, abaturanyi bahitaga ku rugo nyirarwo adah aribagatera ibuye mu kigega, bakumva ibuye ryibarangura ntibaz on ge rekumutumira. Babaga bamurebye imbere n’inyuma kuko iyo amasaka arimu kigega ibuye rijugunywemo ritumvikan a.
Uburyo bwo kuronka amafaranga.
Twabonye ko Abadage bata kwi je amafaran ga mu Rwan da. Abanya-rwanda batangiye kuyatunga cyane mu rwimo rwa Rudahigwa. Aho abe-nshi baya kuraga ni ku ikah wa zatejwe ku ite ge ko rya Voisin (Vuwaze)wari vise Guverineri wa Rwanda – Urundi. Yasabye ko buri mu turageate ra ibiti by’ikawa 54, sushefu akagira 1000. Yaremye 0CIRU (officedu café indigène du Rwanda – Urundi). lcyo kigo ni cyo cyitaga ku micu-rurize y’ikawa ya Rwanda – Urundi. Zaguraga neza cyane kuko ikiro cyarimakumyabi ri n’atanu, Yari menshi icyo gihe.
Ubuhanga bwo gukora ibarura.
Iryo tege ko rya Guverineri ryatumye umushe fu wo muri Teritwariya Ngozi i Burundi avumbura uburyo bwo gu kora ibarura ry’abana bavu tse, Umubyeyi wazaga kuri Sheferi kwandikisha umwana yateraga ikawa imwe mu gipimo cyabigene we, lbyo biti bi kajya byere kan ako uru-byaro rwO muri she feri rwiyon ge ra.
Bari bazize gutera ikawa.
Mbere y’ite ge ko rya Leta hari abari baragerage je gutera ikawa,I Mibirizi ni ho Abapadiri bazadu kaniye mu 1905. «Mu kuboza 1913Nyiringon do na Ru kamba batwaraga mu karere k’i Gisaka nabo batangi-nabi babarega ko ari abagambanyi ngo barashaka gutuma Abazungu baryaye kuzitera ari uko baguze imbuto zo guhumbi ka, Aban tu babamereyeigihugu maze Abanyarwanda be kuzabon a uko babi kura. Bake kaga ko abo
Bazungu bari kudashaka gutah a kubera ibyo bazabon a bibary oheve (hirimo iyo kawa yo kunywa). (Chron ol ogie: 50).
Amafaranga yo mu bisimu.
Ure tse kubona amafaran ga y’ikawa biyere je, Abaturage bashobo-raga no kuyahembwa batse imirimo mu bigo by’ubucu kuzi bw’amabuyey’a gaciro, Ibyo bigo na byo byatangiye nyuma ya 1931 ariko MINETAIN(MINETE) yo yashinz we mbe re y’uyu mwaka. lbindi bigo ni SOMUKIyabaye icy amamare i Rutongo (1933 ), GEORWANDA y’i Rwinkwavu(1940) n’ikigo cy’i Gatanga muri Kongo Mbirigi (U,M.H.K.: Union Mi-nière. du Haut Katanga) cyash inze ishami i Gatumba mu 1948.
Abazungu bamwe batege kaga ibyo bigo baramamaye cyane muRwanda. Mu birori by’igihugu na Kiriziya bagafatwa nka Rezida na baAdiminisi tarateri ba Teritwari. Abo twavuga ni nka Goosens (Gusensi)wategetse SOMUKI na Soven ier (Soven ye) w’i Rwinkwavu muri GEU-RWANDA
Agatabo k’Indyohesha – birayi kibutsa ibyo bigo byacu kuraga altiobuye y’a gaciro. Mu musozO wako aho Kagame yahimbye «Amahambay’a bungeri b’ingurube» aririmba SOMUKI y’i Rutongo na MINETE yagera ku ngurube zo muri GEORWANDA ati:«Gihingitirane cyashiriyemo umurizo
Mavuta – mingi ya rutengeta – bon dolyashinganywe n’abatege ka – birori ba LetaIfungiye i Rwinkwavu kwa Sovenye».
Ibi birere kana ko Rwinkwavu yari iy’uyu muzungu akamenye kana mugihugu cy ose nk’uko bavugaga u Bugoyi bwa Kamuzinzi cyangwa u Bufu-ndu bwa Semugeshi.
Ubukungu bw’ibihingwa.
Amate ka y’u Rwanda rwo hambere aran gwa n’iby orezo by’in zarazitasi baga. Ni cyo gituma abantu bakuru bazifatiraho iyo bash aka kwi-bu ka amagingo y’ibyahise. Ni na yo mpamvu mu bi taramo bi butsa cyaneuko kera abantu bahemu kaga babi te we n’inzara.
N’ubu umukwe ugeze kwa Sebu kwe ariyumangay a cyane. Arikomwumve nk’uyu wemeye guta ishema rye uretse ko yabigize mu buhangabw’ icyo gihe.
Umubugu uzi kwivugira.
Mu nzara, umu kwe yagiye kwa Sebu kwe ntibahita babona icyo ba-mufungurira. Nyirabukwe atangira ubwo kureba icyo ashwash wany a,yen da n’ifu avuga umutsima. Sebu kwe azana igisoro abuguza n’umu kwebyo kugira ngo igihe kibe gihita.
Hashize akanya umusaza anyaru kira mu nzu asanga umutsima uhiyeyaka akaro be akan agira inkoko (yari iyo kuragurisha kubera umugenzow’uko inkoko iri buragurishwe itagomba gutora). Ubwo ku rutoki hasi-gaye urukoko rw’umutsima.
DUmu kwe abitaho amaso ashaka guca amarenga ko bamufashe nabi.Afata ubusoro abucugusa mu ntoki ati«mbuguze bune mbuguzebutanu ndushe nyir’urukoko ku ntoki!».
Se bu kvwe yumva ayo marenga na we agiye guca umuvuno ati «mbu-guze bune mbuguze butanu ndushe nyir igishyika n’igishyararamu rugo umu ari we bashyashyanira».
Umukwe wahanmagaye imbwa ataka inzara.
Ubundi mu nzara, umu kwe yanyuze kwa Sebukwe bamwere ka ahoyicara mu muryango ariko ntibabona icyo bamwaki riza. Igihe nyirabu kwe Ntibakinyireberal) nyirabu kwe arita mu gutwi, ahishije inkono na wẹagihuze areba icyo ateka undi arabu kwa imbwa arayihamagara ati «acaahamagara ya mbwa ayinagira ibiryo ati raca Bikiriho Byararibwagal,
Izo ni inge ro zimwe z’ibite kerezo by’inzara zicyibu kwa n’ubu.Ibyorezo by’inzara byaterwaga n’impamvu nyinshi zirimo kudashishi-karira guhinga no ku tamenya guhinga imyaka iticwa n’amapfa kandi itinda mu butaka.
Ikintu rero kigaragara Abanyarwanda batojwe bi tu rutse kuri Guveri-
neri wa Rwan da – Urundi ni uguhinga ibijumba n’imyumbati. Imyumh
ya gitaminsi yatumijwe muri Kongo Mbirigi kuko itari izwi mu Rwanda,.Mu myaka ya mbere ariko yishe abantu benshi kubera ko batari baziuko bagabanya uburure bwayo. Imigozi y’ibijumbana yo bajyaga kuyifatakuri Teritwari ba Agoron ome bayihashye kure.
Ibindi bihingwa bitari bizwi ni nkibirayi, umuceri, amashu, ibitu-nguru n’ibindi. Ibirayi by atangiye guhingwa hafi y’amacumbi y’Abazunqumu 1920. Muri uwo mwaka ni na bwo batangiye kugerageza guhingaumuceri mu kibaya cya Rusizi. Du kesha kandi Abazungu ibi ti by’imbutoziribwa nk’amacunga, indimu, amapera, avoka.. Ni na bo ba du kanyeibiti bi koreshwa ubu mu bwu batsi n’ububaji: inturusu, ge reveriya, bara-katsi n’ibindi. Ku byere keye ibiti u Rwan da rvwo hambe re rwari nkene kuburyo bubakish aga imiganda y’imisave, imivumu, imihati n’ibindi bitibidakomeye bi boneka ubu mu mashyamba ya cy imeza.
Leta mbirigi yate je inturusu nyinshi ku mihanda no mu masheteriafite ubutaka bikwi ranye. Umupadiri wUmuganda wigeze kutwigisnayaraby ite gereje ati «Ababirigi babatereye inturusu ku mihanda nanotwe bwe Abon ge reza batwubakira umujyi munini i Kampal a .
Ubukungu nyabwo bwakomeje kuba ubw’inka.
Abazungu bakoronije u Rwan da bateshutswe ku ntegyo kwigishaamajyambe re y’ubukunguku bw’i Burayi. Ntibashatse guhin dura imibe rehogakondo y’Abanyarwan da ngo babatoze uburyo bwo kubona amafarangank’uko iwabo byagendaga. Imyaka mirongo itanu y ashize mu Rwandahatarangwa abenegihugu bazobe reye mu bucuruzi, nta ngan da zubatswe,
nta mashyirahamwe y’ubu kungu y ariho,
N’ibya «tekini ke» ntibyamamaye kubera amafaranga make yariho.Nko mu 1949, mu Rwanda habarwaga qusa imodoka zikururan a 342(bazitaga za malaya), za kamyo 251, amapikipi ki 141 n’amagare 1.360.(lyi mibare iri muri K.M. Mata 1950 p.1). lcyo gihe, nta Munyarwan dawari ufite imodoka itwara imizigo cyangwa abantu ngo imuh ahireamafaranga.
Muri rusange rero, ubukungu bwa kome je gushingira ku nka. Nk’ukotwabi bonye, amata yacuruzwaga muri za leteri, impu zizana amafaran gay’amahan ga, iny ama zikage murirvwa abakozi ba Leta n’amasosiyete. Ku-bera ko inka zari zikiri nyinshi, imisoro yazo yunguraga imari y’igihugu.
Mu baturage basanz we, umutunzi ni we warangwagaho amafaranga,akagura icyo ashaka, agashan an isha akaberwa. N’Abany arwanda bakore-raga umush ah ara birindaga kuba abakingishaki ban do. lyo miryangobakomokamo yabaga idatunze, inka baraziguriraga. Mbese muri icyo gihe,byari uburyo bwo kwi tega iminsi nk’uko ubu abakozi bubakisha amazucyangwa bakabi tsa mu maban ki.Twate kereje ukuntu abasushe fu bari bafashwe nabi n’ababate ge ka.Ban ahembwaga udufaranga duke. Ni yo mpamvu uwabaga yisan gan iweinka ze nyinshi akanyagwa umusozi nta cyo byamutwaraga. Mbese aba-tunzi ni bo bakomeje kuba abaki re nk’uko byari bisanzwe mbere y’ukoAbazungu baduka, Ni cyo cyatumye bakomeza kudamarara, guteta nokwishongora n ka kera.